Understanding Fear in Sport: A Psychological Perspective

Fear is a universal human emotion. In sport, it is often discussed quietly, sometimes avoided altogether, yet it plays a central role in performance, decision-making, and wellbeing. This article explores fear from a sport psychology perspective, drawing on established theory and research, with the aim of informing athletes, coaches, and practitioners without prescribing or selling a particular approach.

What Is Fear?

Fear is a normal human emotion. In sport and performance settings, it tends to show up when something feels important and uncertain.

From a psychological perspective, fear is not caused directly by the situation itself, but by how we interpret that situation. One influential model, developed by psychologist Richard Lazarus, suggests that fear arises when we perceive something as a threat.

A threat, in simple terms, is anything that feels like it could harm us in some way — physically, psychologically, or socially. In sport, this might include:

·       Getting injured or re-injured

·       Making mistakes or failing

·       Being judged by others

·       Letting teammates, coaches, or yourself down

·       Losing control or feeling exposed

Fear is therefore less about what is happening, and more about what we believe is at stake.

Threat or Challenge?

When we face a demanding situation, we tend to make a quick and often automatic judgement:

·       Is this a threat to me?

·       Or is this a challenge I can cope with?

This judgement depends on how we weigh up two things:

·       The demands of the situation (How difficult, risky, or important it feels)

·       Our resources to cope (Our skills, preparation, experience, and support)

If the demands feel bigger than our resources, fear is more likely to show up strongly and feel overwhelming. If our resources feel equal to, or greater than, the demands, fear may still be present — but it is more likely to feel manageable and even motivating.

A simple real‑world example

Imagine a climber standing at the base of a route near their limit.

They notice the height, the possibility of falling, and the technical crux midway up. Fear shows up immediately.

If the climber thinks: “This is dangerous. I can’t afford to fall. I’m not good enough for this route,” the situation is more likely to be appraised as a threat. Fear may lead to hesitation, over‑gripping, or choosing not to leave the ground at all.

If the same climber thinks: “This is hard and there’s risk, but I’ve trained for this. I know how to fall safely and I can take this move by move,” the situation may be appraised as a challenge. Fear is still present, but it is more likely to coexist with focus, commitment, and effective movement.

The route has not changed — only how the demands and resources are being weighed.

Importantly, fear can exist in both cases. The difference is not whether fear is there, but how it affects thoughts, decisions, and actions.

Fear and Anxiety

Myth‑busting: “If I feel fear, it means I’m not confident.”

Fear and confidence are not opposites. Athletes can feel afraid and confident at the same time.

Confidence reflects belief in one’s ability to cope. Fear reflects that something matters and involves uncertainty or risk. In many high‑level performances, fear is present precisely because the stakes are meaningful.

The absence of fear is not a requirement for confidence — and waiting to feel fearless often leads athletes to avoid situations that matter to them.

Fear and anxiety are closely linked and often talked about together. A helpful way to distinguish them is this:

·       Fear is a response to an immediate or specific perceived threat.

·       Anxiety is the anticipation of a perceived future threat.

In sport, these often overlap — for example, worrying about a competition days in advance (anxiety) and feeling a surge of fear in the moments before or during performance.

Emotions Are Not the Enemy

In applied sport psychology, emotions are not viewed as something to be removed or controlled away. Approaches such as Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy (REBT) emphasise that emotions are a natural part of being human.

Fear, in particular, serves an important purpose. It can keep us safe, alert us to risk, and signal that something matters to us. Without fear, humans would take unnecessary risks.

At the same time, emotions — including fear and anxiety — can be either helpful or unhelpful, depending on how intense they are and how we respond to them. Fear might sharpen focus and preparation, or it might lead to hesitation, avoidance, or overthinking.

The Role of Beliefs

A key idea from REBT is that our emotions are shaped less by events themselves and more by our beliefs about those events.

In other words, fear is often a consequence of what we believe:

·       What do I believe about this situation and what it means?

·       What do I believe about myself and my ability to cope?

·       What do I believe about failure, mistakes, or discomfort?

·       What do I believe about fear itself?

These beliefs influence whether fear becomes something that supports performance, or something that gets in the way.

Rather than asking “How do I get rid of fear?”, a more useful question is often: “What do I believe about this situation, and about fear, that is shaping how I respond?”

This article is intended for educational purposes and reflects current psychological theory and applied practice in sport and performance contexts.**